Nginx静态服务配置--深入理解root与alias指令

0. Nginx 介绍

1. 安装 nginx

2. Nginx 各配置文件的基本信息

3. Nginx 的默认主配置文件

4. 启动 nginx 查看是否能够正常运行

1. 输入以下命令启动 nginx

# 启动命令
systemctl start nginx
# 查看服务运行状态
systemctl status nginx

1. 查看 80 端口是否被监听

netsats -ntlp

net-tools

1. 进行浏览器访问测试

systemctl stop firewalld

5. 新建虚拟主机配置文件、学习虚拟服务器配置

1. 修改 nginx 主配置文件、将 server 模块剪切到 /etc/nginx/conf.d/root_test.conf 内

2. 测试与重载配置文件

3. 再次访问、就可以看到熟悉的界面了。这样你就学会了如何新建一个虚拟主机了。

6. 修改配置文件、上传文件，学习 root 与 alias 指令的区别

1. 新建一个目录、将原 nginx 默认站点里的文件复制到此文件夹里。

2. 修改配置文件

3. 将 nginx 所要提供服务的 www 文件夹添加到 selinux 规则里、否则会出现 权限问题、403

# 查看 selinux 运行状态
getenforce
# 您可以运行以下命令,以允许 nginx 在此 www 目录提供服务
chcon -Rt httpd_sys_content_t /path/to/www
# 如果仍然遇到问题,请查看 getebool -a 中的布尔标志,特别是您可能需要打开 httpd_can_network_connect 以进行网络访问
setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect on

# 重启 nginx 再次进行访问即可
systemctl restart nginx

# 也可直接临时关闭 selinux (直到下次重启)
setenforce Permissive

1. 制作测试环境

1. root 指令

1. 初识root

2019/07/28 23:40:38 [error] 11120#0: *12 open() "/var/www/html/static/stc.pngx" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.2.2, server: _, request: "GET /static/stc.pngx HTTP/1.1", host: "localhost"

<http://localhost>      /static/stc.png
/var/www/html          /static/stc.png

2. 再探 root 指令

location ^~ /static {
    root /var/www/html/static;
}

2019/07/28 23:49:48 [error] 11227#0: *19 open() "/var/www/html/static/static/stc.png" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.2.2, server: _, request: "GET /static/stc.png HTTP/1.1", host: "localhost"

localhost               /static/stc.png
/var/www/html/static    /static/stc.png

location ^~ /static {
    root /var/www/html;
}

2019/07/28 23:58:17 [error] 11282#0: *28 open() "/var/www/html/static/stc.png" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.2.2, server: _, request: "GET /static/stc.png HTTP/1.1", host: "localhost"

location ^~ /stc {
    root /var/www/html;
}

3. root 与 斜杠

location ^~ /static/ {
   root /var/www/html/;
}

location ^~ static/ {
    root /var/www/html;
}

location ^~ static/ {
    rewrite ^ <http://google.com>;
   # root /var/www/html;
}

2019/07/29 00:19:45 [error] 11386#0: *36 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/static/stc.png" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.2.2, server: _, request: "GET /static/stc.png HTTP/1.1", host: "localhost"

• 匹配后的url为 /static/stc.jpg

• 匹配部分的url为 static/stc.jpg

4. root 指令归纳。

1. 对于匹配后的url地址，将匹配的location中的root路径替换访问url的host即得到文件的真实地址。（多个斜杠其实等价于一个斜杠）

2. 如果不匹配location，则寻找更外层的root做替换。

3. root指令最后的斜杠可加可不加。

2. alias指令

1. 初识 alias

location ^~ /upload {
   alias /var/www/html;

}

2019/07/29 03:16:39 [error] 11514#0: *42 open() "/var/www/html/up.png" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.2.2, server: _, request: "GET /upload/up.png HTTP/1.1", host: "localhost"

location ^~ /upload {
    alias /var/www/html/upload;
}

/upload == /var/www/html/upload
/var/www/html/upload/ + /up.png

location ^~ /upload/ {
   alias /var/www/html/upload;
}

2019/07/29 03:31:19 [error] 12105#0: *49 open() "/var/www/html/uploadup.png" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.2.2, server: _, request: "GET /upload/up.png HTTP/1.1", host: "localhost"

location ~ upload/ {
      alias /var/www/html/upload/;
}

location ^~ upload/ {
      alias /var/www/html/upload/;
}

2019/07/29 03:34:37 [error] 12129#0: *52 open() "/usr/share/nginx/html/upload/up.png" failed (2: No such file or directory), client: 10.0.2.2, server: _, request: "GET /upload/up.png HTTP/1.1", host: "localhost"

location ^~ /upload/ {
    alias /var/www/html/static/;
}

3. 总结

• root 指令

location /dir/
root root_path ->  <http://host/dir/file.txt>  -> root_path/dir/file.txt

• alias 指令

location /dir
alias alias_path ->  <http://host> /dir /file.txt  -> alias_path/file.txt

location /dir/
alias alias_path/ ->  <http://host> /dir/ file.txt  -> alias_path/file.txt